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A further treaty the Treaty of Friendship and Alliance was arranged by the second Resident John Crawford with the Malay chiefs and signed on 2 August 1824 to replace the Singapore Treaty Singapore including its nearby islands was officially fully ceded to the East India Company and in return the chiefs would have their debts cancelled and receive an allowance for life with each given an additional lump sum of 20,000 Spanish dollars, Paper money originated from promissory notes called "jiaozi" in 7th century China Jiaozi did not replace metallic currency and were used alongside the copper coins The successive Yuan Dynasty was the first government to use paper currency as the predominant circulating medium In the later course of the dynasty facing massive shortages of specie to fund war and their rule in China they began printing paper money without restrictions resulting in hyperinflation, 1936: 250,000 active Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution renounced the right to use force as a means of resolving disputes. This was enacted by the Japanese in order to prevent militarism which had led to conflict However in 1947 the Public Security Force was formed; later in 1954 in the early stages of the Cold War the Public Security Force formed the basis of the newly created Ground Self-Defense Force. Although significantly smaller than the former Imperial Japanese Army and nominally for defensive purposes only this force constitutes the modern army of Japan. ! 3 Diploma Programme (DP) curriculum outline and classes A nominal anchor for monetary policy is a single variable or device which the central bank uses to pin down expectations of private agents about the nominal price level or its path or about what the central bank might do with respect to achieving that path Monetary regimes combine long-run nominal anchoring with flexibility in the short run Nominal variables used as anchors primarily include exchange rate targets money supply targets and inflation targets with interest rate policy. . Sources: refers to the administrative region, 4 Career-related Programme (CP) curriculum outline, Human rights Imported water from Malaysia (up to 250 million imperial gallons (1,100,000 m3) per day according to the 99-year agreement signed in 1962 plus an additional quantity under the 1990 agreement). 6 Legacy The Singapore Cable Car plies between Mount Faber on the main island of Singapore and the resort island of Sentosa The cable car system underwent a revamp that was completed in August 2010.

3.2 In practice The Japanese invasion of Taiwan under Qing rule in 1874 was a punitive expedition by Japanese military forces in response to the Mudan Incident of December 1871 The Paiwan people who are indigenous peoples of Taiwan murdered 54 crewmembers of a wrecked merchant vessel from the Ryukyu Kingdom on the southwestern tip of Taiwan 12 men were rescued by the local Chinese-speaking community and were transferred to Miyako-jima in the Ryukyu Islands The Empire of Japan used this as an excuse to both assert sovereignty over the Ryukyu Kingdom which was a tributary state of both Japan and Qing China at the time and to attempt the same with Taiwan a Qing territory It marked the first overseas deployment of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy. The Republic of Ragusa a maritime city-state was based in the walled city of Dubrovnik, 6.2 Science 2.2% 2 Geography 5 Water use conservation and efficiency. ! 6.1 Chinese Other forms of monetary policy particularly used when interest rates are at or near 0% and there are concerns about deflation or deflation is occurring are referred to as unconventional monetary policy These include credit easing quantitative easing forward guidance and signaling in credit easing a central bank purchases private sector assets to improve liquidity and improve access to credit Signaling can be used to lower market expectations for lower interest rates in the future For example during the credit crisis of 2008 the US Federal Reserve indicated rates would be low for an "extended period" and the Bank of Canada made a "conditional commitment" to keep rates at the lower bound of 25 basis points (0.25%) until the end of the second quarter of 2010! House of Councillors Music Singaporean cuisine is also a prime example of diversity and cultural diffusion in Singapore In Singapore's hawker centres for example traditionally Malay hawker stalls also sell Tamil food Chinese stalls may introduce Malay ingredients cooking techniques or entire dishes into their range of catering This continues to make the cuisine of Singapore significantly rich and a cultural attraction Singaporeans also enjoy a wide variety of seafood including crabs clams squid and oysters One favorite dish is the stingray barbecued and served on banana leaf and with sambal (chilli), Empire of Japan Wafer ice cream sandwiches are a popular dish sold by street vendors operating carts on busy street corners These carts carry a variety of flavours including but not limited to vanilla chocolate strawberry coffee sweet corn coconut and durian While some vendors sell their ice cream in cups or cones as is common in the West the more popular variant is on slices of bread or between wafers The ice cream consists of sealed blocks which are sliced to order and then placed on a single slice of over-sized often multicolored bread This can be either white bread or a slice of multicolored slightly sweetened bread (dyed with food colouring and flavoured with pandan leaf extract) A sandwich costs around S$1 but may cost up to S$2 or more in downtown areas and tourist spots. . Principled 10.0% Singapore business directory Foreign exchange is traded in an over-the-counter market where brokers/dealers negotiate directly with one another so there is no central exchange or clearing house The biggest geographic trading center is the United Kingdom primarily London According to TheCityUK it is estimated that London increased its share of global turnover in traditional transactions from 34.6% in April 2007 to 36.7% in April 2010 Owing to London's dominance in the market a particular currency's quoted price is usually the London market price For instance when the International Monetary Fund calculates the value of its special drawing rights every day they use the London market prices at noon that day. 1.2 Changes in national assessment policy, Singapore is relatively safe from seismic activity in the region as the nearest major active faults (Sumatran fault and Sunda megathrust fault) are hundreds of kilometres away in Indonesia However the population and buildings are prone to being only very slightly affected by any activity as tremors which is not uncommon but generally does not do any harm and is limited to small amounts of swaying or vibration of objects.